Evidence for the practice of crafts and the exchange of goods by the inhabitants of the prehistoric settlements on Zyndram’s Hill, [in:] Life written in the strata. Excavations of the North- Eastern Sector of the Prehistoric Hillfort in Maszkowice (2025)

Pottery of the older settlement phase (Early Bronze Age)

Life written in the strata Excavations of the North-Eastern sector of the prehistoric hillfort in Maszkowice, 2024

Archaeological record of human presence on Zyndram's Hill from the Roman period to recent times 10.1. Evidence of occupation from the 2 nd to 4 th centuries AD 10.2. From the time of the knight Zyndram to the Polish Defensive War of 1939 -the youngest artefacts from the Maszkowice hillfort 11. Marcin S. Przybyła, Stanisław Knutelski, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek Charred plant remains and insect remains 11.1. Research methodology and the taphonomy of plant remains 11.2. Diachronic changes in the frequency of cultivated and wild plant remains 11.3. Functional analysis of archaeobotanical data 11.4. Charred remains of Early Bronze Age beetles 11.5. The collection of plant remains from Maszkowice in comparison with other botanical assemblages from the Western Carpathian zone 12. Jarosław Wilczyński, Sylwia Pospuła, Ulana Gocman, Dobrawa Sobieraj Faunal materials 12.1. General characteristics of the assemblage and research methodology 12.2. Animal skeletal remains from the older settlement phase contexts (Early Bronze Age) 12.3. Skeletal remains from the younger settlement phase contexts (Early Iron Age) and the material of undetermined chronology 12.4. Spatial analyses 12.5. Conclusions 13. Magdalena Makiel, Wojciech Szymański Micromorphology of selected anthropogenic deposits from the Bronze Age settlement in Maszkowice 13.1. Materials and methods 13.2. The oldest settlement layers (EBA embankment and below) 13.3. The EBA gate 13.4. The EBA buildings I and II 13.5. The EBA and EIA cultural layers 14. Marcin S. Przybyła The "game of hypotheses" -a tale of Zyndram's Hill and its occupation 14.1. Colonisation -the big world of the Bronze Age people of Zyndram's Hill 14.2. Adaptation -the small world of the Zyndram's Hill settlers 14.3 The spatial organisation and social life of the Early Bronze Age village

Life Written in the Strata. Excavations of the North-Eastern Sector of the Prehistoric Hillfort in Maszkowice (Western Carpathians)

vol. 1, 2024

Among the many prehistoric hillforts in the Western Carpathians, the site on Zyndram's Hill in Maszkowice is one of the most recognizable and best researched archaeologically. Even so, in 2015, a surprising discovery was made here during a new field research program. It turned out that in the first phase of its existence, dating back to the 18th century BC, the settlement was surrounded by massive fortifications in the form of a dry wall. In the following years of research, a 50-meter section of this building was unveiled, which is one of the oldest in Europe - outside the Mediterranean - examples of stone defensive architecture. The presented study is, on the one hand, a detailed, old-fashioned (in a good sense of the word) discussion of all relics discovered in the north-eastern sector of the site in 2010-2020 - trench by trench, layer by layer - and the collection of over 50,000 artifacts obtained from them. However, it is also an attempt at a broader look at the social and economic aspects of the functioning of the communities inhabiting this place, the ways in which they organize the space and the networks of contacts they co-create, and finally at the processes that transformed subsequent villages into an archaeological site. Such a broad approach is possible not only thanks to the enormous wealth of sources discovered at this site, but also due to the detailed methodology of field work (including full registration of the position of all artifacts) and the interdisciplinary nature of the research (the co-authors of the volume represent such disciplines and sub-disciplines as: history, geography, soil science, entomology, archaeobotany and archaeozoology). What is also significant for the study of the cultural relationships of the site on Zyndram's Hill is that it provided the largest series of AMS radiocarbon dates today for stratigraphically related Early Bronze Age contexts throughout the Carpathian zone as a whole, thus becoming a reference point for research on chronology of the area. As a result, apart from the description of the layers or traces of buildings and individual categories of sources, the book includes autonomous studies that have a supra-regional perspective or even concern universal phenomena. These include among others considerations on the function of fortifications and their relation to the landscape, a new proposal of the chronology of Early/Middle Bronze Age transition in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, findings on the evolution of the network of contacts in the Western Carpathians in the Early Iron Age, as well as the definition and characterization of one of the oldest architectural traditions of stone masonry in Europe, represented by a horizon of pre-Cyclopean fortifications from the Balkans and southern Italy dating back to the 18th and 17th centuries BC.

Alternative Trajectories in Bronze Age Landscapes and the ‘Failure’ to Enclose. In: T. L. Kienlin et al. (eds.), Settlement, Communication and Exchange around the Western Carpathians. Oxford: Archaeopress 2014, 159–200.

T. L. Kienlin/M. Korczyńska/Klaus Cappenberg, Alternative Trajectories in Bronze Age Landscapes and the ‘Failure’ to Enclose. In: T. L. Kienlin et al. (eds.), Settlement, Communication and Exchange around the Western Carpathians. Oxford: Archaeopress 2014, 159–200.

T. L. Kienlin/M. Korczyńska/Klaus Cappenberg, Alternative Trajectories in Bronze Age Landscapes and the ‘Failure’ to Enclose. In: T. L. Kienlin et al. (eds.), Settlement, Communication and Exchange around the Western Carpathians. Oxford: Archaeopress 2014, 159–200.

Originally published in Settlement, Communication and Exchange around the Western Carpathians International Workshop held at the Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, October 27–28, 2012 edited by T. L. Kienlin, P. Valde-Nowak, M. Korczyńska, K. Cappenberg and J. Ociepka, Archaeopress 2014. This version published in Archaeopress Open Access 2014, available here. For more information regarding Archaeopress Open Access please visit the Archaeopress website. Direct link to book: http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={3216C80E-D163-43F0-80B4-EF304B03B96A} Link to website: http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/defaultAll.asp?OpenAccess=Y&intro=true

The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze

2011

Les types de statuettes en terre cuite mycéniennes de région au Bas-Danube (les répliques modernes), et la reconstruction du spécimen découvert sur l'hameau fortifié de l'Âge du Bronze à Maszkowice (Carpates occidentales extérieures) (Réalisation et photo par E. Przybyła et M. Przybyła) ADRESSE DE LA RÉDACTION Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL 31-007 Kraków www.archeo.uj.edu.pl/wydawnictwa www.farkha.nazwa.pl/RechACrac/

Transcarpathian Influences on the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age Settlement at Wierzchosławice Site 15

The archaeological site of Wierzchosławice 15, Tarnów district (Little Poland), is situated within the floodplain of the Duna-jec River, approximately 1.5km from the present-day riverbed. The settlement at Wierzchosławice yielded a substantial collection of artefacts which are important for studying the links connecting the territory of the present day Poland with the areas south of the Car-pathian Arc in the younger segments of the Bronze Age. The investigations demonstrated that a settlement of several households, whose inhabitants used pottery revealing Transcarpathian and Trzciniec features, functioned in the site during BrC to BrD. The Transcar-pathian population was probably connected with several taxonomic units known from Slovakia or Slovakia-Hungary borderland, which represented the Tumulus-Post-Otomani style. The Transcarpathian-Trzciniec settlement phase on site 15 at Wierzchosławice came to an end probably in late BrD and was followed by a hiatus period. It was probably not before HaB1/HaB2 that the next group of settlers appeared – this time representing the Lusatian culture population. From that moment on, the settlement was inhabited permanently until HaD. The attribution of the Wierzchosławice settlement to a particular unit within the Lusatian culture is not unambiguous. The site yielded finds typical of the Tarnobrzeg group, and of the Upper Silesia-Little Poland (Górnośląsko-Małopolska) group. However, the most apparent are the connections with the Carpathian zone, and with a specific local variant of the Lusatian culture developing there. There are also numerous analogies to transcarpathian cultures from Slovakia, and to East-European cultures such as the Cozia-Saharna culture or the Chernoles culture.

Interregional contacts or local adaptation? Studies on the defensive settlement from the Bronze and Early Iron Age in Maszkowice (Western Carpathians), (in:) Enclosed Space, Open Society..., SAO 9 (2012): 225-273.

T. L. Kienlin/P. Valde-Nowak/M. Korczyńska/K. Cappenberg/J. Ociepka (eds.), Settlement, Communication and Exchange around the Western Carpathians. International Workshop at the Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków October 27–28, 2012. Oxford: Archaeopress 2014.

, have been running a joint archaeological project on Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement patterns in the middle part of the Dunajec river valley in Little Poland. Based on data from the archaeological survey of Poland (Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski / AZP), a long-term perspective is taken on the development and change of human settlement in this micro-region. Intensive survey work is carried out, including geomagnetics and intensive fieldwalking, to verify and improve the often very broad dating of sites known since AZP.

The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze Age at Maszkowice, Nowy Sącz district (Western Carpathians

Defensive settlement at Maszkowice is one of the best preserved long-lasting prehistorical sites in the Western Carpathians. What appears to be particularly interesting is the first settlement phase of the hillfort, which may be dated to the end of the Early Bronze Age and to the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1650 -1200 BC). The results of studies on materials collected during the field research of Maria Cabalska (seasons 1959 -1975), as well as new excavation campaigns (2010 -2012), allow us to formulate some conclusions concerning: settlement stratigraphy, spatial distribution of Early and Middle Bronze Age materials, chronology of the subsequent building phases and cultural connections of the populations living in the upper Dunajec Valley during the earlier periods of the Bronze Age. In the context of the last mentioned question what is particularly worth attention are the relics of fortifications in a form of a dry stone wall, discovered in 2011 -2012 and connected with the oldest building phase of the hillfort (ca. 1650 -1500 BC).

Libera et al. 2015 KRUMMESSER IN THE UPPER VISTULA RIVER BASIN

2015

The specific stone curved knives (Krummesser) appeared on the territory of Poland in the 2nd millenium BC, together with the expansion of new cultural phenomena (Otomani and Trzciniec cultures). Disco veries of this kind are still a rarity (26 specimens from 21 sites), and most of them come from the territory of Lesser Poland. Their occurrence in the Carpathian foothills is connected with the presence of the southern Carpathian population, while the specimens found on the left bank of the Vistula, or single artefacts recorded in the Polish Lowland seem to be closely associated with Otomani influences. On the sites of the Trzciniec culture the presence of Krummesser is connected to the occurrence of ceramic vessels with southern characteristics and bronze artefacts. The appearance of Krummesser can be also synchronised with new forms of flint sickle knives, known from the Polish-Ukrainian border area.